Inside the Titan Supercomputer: 299K AMD x86 Cores and 18.6K NVIDIA GPUs
by Anand Lal Shimpi on October 31, 2012 1:28 AM EST- Posted in
- CPUs
- IT Computing
- Cloud Computing
- HPC
- GPUs
- NVIDIA
Physical Architecture
The physical architecture of Titan is just as interesting as the high level core and transistor counts. I mentioned earlier that Titan is built from 200 cabinets. Inside each cabinets are Cray XK7 boards, each of which has four AMD G34 sockets and four PCIe slots. These aren't standard desktop PCIe slots, but rather much smaller SXM slots. The K20s NVIDIA sells to Cray come on little SXM cards without frivolous features like display outputs. The SXM form factor is similar to the MXM form factor used in some notebooks.
There's no way around it. ORNL techs had to install 18,688 CPUs and GPUs over the past few weeks in order to get Titan up and running. Around 10 of the formerly-Jaguar cabinets had these new XK boards but were using Fermi GPUs. I got to witness one of the older boards get upgraded to K20. The process isn't all that different from what you'd see in a desktop: remove screws, remove old card, install new card, replace screws. The form factor and scale of installation are obviously very different, but the basic premise remains.
As with all computer components, there's no guarantee that every single chip and card is going to work. When you're dealing with over 18,000 computers as a part of a single entity, there are bound to be failures. All of the compute nodes go through testing, and faulty hardware swapped out, before the upgrade is technically complete.
OS & Software
Titan runs the Cray Linux Environment, which is based on SUSE 11. The OS has to be hardened and modified for operation on such a large scale. In order to prevent serialization caused by interrupts, Cray takes some of the cores and uses them to run all of the OS tasks so that applications running elsewhere aren't interrupted by the OS.
Jobs are batch scheduled on Titan using Moab and Torque.
AMD CPUs and NVIDIA GPUs
If you're curious about why Titan uses Opterons, the explanation is actually pretty simple. Titan is a large installation of Cray XK7 cabinets, so CPU support is actually defined by Cray. Back in 2005 when Jaguar made its debut, AMD's Opterons were superior to the Intel Xeon alternative. The evolution of Cray's XT/XK lines simply stemmed from that point, with Opteron being the supported CPU of choice.
The GPU decision was just as simple. NVIDIA has been focusing on non-gaming compute applications for its GPUs for years now. The decision to partner with NVIDIA on the Titan project was made around 3 years ago. At the time, AMD didn't have a competitive GPU compute roadmap. If you remember back to our first Fermi architecture article from back in 2009, I wrote the following:
"By adding support for ECC, enabling C++ and easier Visual Studio integration, NVIDIA believes that Fermi will open its Tesla business up to a group of clients that would previously not so much as speak to NVIDIA. ECC is the killer feature there."
At the time I didn't know it, but ORNL was one of those clients. With almost 19,000 GPUs, errors are bound to happen. Having ECC support was a must have for GPU enabled Jaguar and Titan compute nodes. The ORNL folks tell me that CUDA was also a big selling point for NVIDIA.
Finally, some of the new features specific to K20/GK110 (e.g. Hyper Q and GPU Direct) made Kepler the right point to go all-in with GPU compute.
Power Delivery & Cooling
Titan's cabinets require 480V input to reduce overall cable thickness compared to standard 208V cabling. Total power consumption for Titan should be around 9 megawatts under full load and around 7 megawatts during typical use. The building that Titan is housed in has over 25 megawatts of power delivered to it.
In the event of a power failure there's no cost effective way to keep the compute portion of Titan up and running (remember, 9 megawatts), but you still want IO and networking operational. Flywheel based UPSes kick in, in the event of a power interruption. They can power Titan's network and IO for long enough to give diesel generators time to come on line.
The cabinets themselves are air cooled, however the air itself is chilled using liquid cooling before entering the cabinet. ORNL has over 6600 tons of cooling capacity just to keep the recirculated air going into these cabinets cool.
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karasaj - Wednesday, October 31, 2012 - link
We should see what kinds of frames we get :)(Yes you'd have single threaded cpu bottleneck, but I can dream)
N4g4rok - Wednesday, October 31, 2012 - link
I bet that microstutter's a bastard though.Alexvrb - Saturday, November 3, 2012 - link
Put it in AFR mode! :Phansmuff - Sunday, November 4, 2012 - link
Hmm, with this kind of power, just render ALL POSSIBLE frames ahead for a full second, and just flip the display to the framebuffer that corresponds to the gameplay :)Rookierookie - Wednesday, October 31, 2012 - link
Yes, but can it run Crysis?SilthDraeth - Wednesday, October 31, 2012 - link
Wrong question. The correct question is;Will it blend?
losttsol - Wednesday, October 31, 2012 - link
Yes it can, as long as Crysis isn't running on top of Windows Vista.inighthawki - Wednesday, October 31, 2012 - link
What does Vista have to do with this?RussianSensation - Wednesday, October 31, 2012 - link
Over 9000 fps!Good to see GPUs gaining traction outside of videogames, paving way for their use as a general purpose devices that can benefit a wide variety of usage patterns outside of games :) Hopefully the profits from these will mean even better GPUs for us gamers down the line.
CeriseCogburn - Saturday, November 10, 2012 - link
You mean nVidia GPU's gaining traction, and far outperforming amd cores.